The idea that all of humanity descended from just two individuals raises profound biological and logical challenges. Modern genetics shows that the diversity within the human population could not have arisen from a single pair without extreme inbreeding, rapid mutation rates far beyond what science observes, and severe genetic collapse. The level of variation found across global populations today points to a much larger ancestral population, not two original parents. From a scientific standpoint, the notion that billions of genetically diverse humans came from only two people is not just unlikely—it directly contradicts everything we understand about population genetics and evolutionary biology.
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In the Adam & Eve framework (Book of Genesis), humanity starts with one couple. Their kids had to marry siblings/close relatives because… there was literally no one else. Incest bans come much later in Book of Leviticus. So early society = one big extended family that grows into tribes, then cities.
That’s the theological view. The scientific view? Humans evolved in small groups over hundreds of thousands of years — no single starting couple.